Health Insurance in Germany: GKV vs. PKV Explained

Health insurance (Krankenversicherung) is mandatory in Germany for all residents. There are two systems: public (gesetzliche Krankenversicherung, GKV) and private (private Krankenversicherung, PKV). Understanding the difference is crucial.

GKV – Public health insurance

The GKV covers the vast majority of people in Germany (around 90%). Contributions are income-based — typically around 14–15% of your gross salary, split between you and your employer. Major providers include TK (Techniker Krankenkasse), AOK, Barmer, DAK.

Benefits include coverage for most medical treatments, prescriptions at low co-pays, and — importantly — family members can be co-insured for free if they have no income.

PKV – Private health insurance

PKV is available to civil servants (Beamte), the self-employed, and employees earning above the Versicherungspflichtgrenze (approximately €69,300/year in 2025). Premiums are based on health status and age at enrollment, not income. Benefits are often more comprehensive — faster appointments, more choice of doctors.

Which is better for you?

For most students, employees below the income threshold, and families: GKV is the right choice. For high earners without dependents who are young and healthy: PKV can be cheaper and offer better coverage. The key risk of PKV is that premiums rise significantly with age.

Important for international students
If you are under 30 and enrolled in a German university, you can join public health insurance as a student for a reduced rate (around €120–130/month). Over 30, you must arrange private student insurance. Always check with your university's student services office (Studierendenwerk).